Report Text Potato
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Wild potato species
occur throughout the Americas, from the United States to Uruguay. The
potato was originally believed to have been domesticated independently
in multiple locations, but later genetic testing of the wide variety of
cultivars and wild species proved a single origin for potatoes in the
area of present-day southern Peru (from a species in the Solanum
brevicaule complex), where they were domesticated 7,000–10,000 years
ago. Following centuries of selective breeding, there are now over a
thousand different types of potatoes. Of these subspecies, a variety
that at one point grew in the Chiloé Archipelago (the potato’s
south-central Chilean sub-center of origin) left its germplasm on over
99% of the cultivated potatoes worldwide.
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Potato
The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial Solanum
tuberosum of the Solanaceae family (also known as the nightshades). The
word potato may refer to the plant itself as well as the edible tuber.
In the region of the Andes, there are some other closely related
cultivated potato species. Potatoes were first introduced outside the
Andes region four centuries ago, and have become an integral part of
much of the world’s cuisine. It is the world’s fourth-largest food crop,
following rice, wheat, and maize. Long-term storage of potatoes
requires specialised care in cold warehouses.
Following the Spanish conquest of the
Inca Empire, the Spanish introduced the potato to Europe in the second
half of the 16th century. The staple was subsequently conveyed by
European mariners to territories and ports throughout the world. The
potato was slow to be adopted by distrustful European farmers, but soon
enough it became an important food staple and field crop that played a
major role in the European 19th century population boom. However, lack
of genetic diversity, due to the very limited number of varieties
initially introduced, left the crop vulnerable to disease. In 1845, a
plant disease known as late blight, caused by the fungus-like oomycete
Phytophthora infestans, spread rapidly through the poorer communities of
western Ireland, resulting in the crop failures that led to the Great
Irish Famine. Nonetheless, thousands of varieties persist in the Andes,
where over 100 cultivars might be found in a single valley, and a dozen
or more might be maintained by a single agricultural household.
The annual diet of an average global
citizen in the first decade of the 21st century included about 33 kg (73
lb) of potato. However, the local importance of potato is extremely
variable and rapidly changing. It remains an essential crop in Europe
(especially eastern and central Europe), where per capita production is
still the highest in the world, but the most rapid expansion over the
past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern Asia. China is now
the world’s largest potato-producing country, and nearly a third of the
world’s potatoes are harvested in China and India.
Taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato
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